Gaza Humanitarian Response Update | 25 May - 7 June 2025

Response

• Since 19 May, and as of the morning of 10 June*, partners have brought in only around 5,600 metric tonnes (MT) of wheat flour, or about 224,000 25-kilogramme bags. Most of this assistance was offloaded by hungry people, and in some cases by armed criminals, before reaching warehouses or designated distribution points. FSS estimates that 8,000–10,000 MT is required to provide at least one bag of wheat flour to every household in Gaza to address needs, which would also help stabilize markets before resuming household distributions.*
• During the reporting period, partners attempted to deliver food from southern to northern Gaza. In three of the recent convoys that were facilitated, food supplies were offloaded by hungry people mostly coming from the north*, along the road in Netzarim area. 
• As of 9 June, 258,000 meals were prepared and delivered by 15 cluster partners through 62 kitchens. This represents a 76 per cent reduction from the 1.07 million meals distributed daily by 180 kitchens at the end of April.

Challenges

• Limited access to crossings, long delays in movement approvals (sometimes up to 36 hours or even beyond), constantly shifting, insecure convoy routes, intensified military operations, and a breakdown of public order and safety continue to severely constrain operations to collect food stocks from Kerem Shalom crossing and are placing community members, humanitarian staff, drivers and trucks at significant risk. To ensure a sustained and scaled-up flow of food assistance into Gaza, it is urgent to have multiple entry points simultaneously open, including at least one crossing for the north (e.g. Zikim) and one for the south (e.g. Kerem Shalom), to reduce the number of holding points, shorten waiting times for cargo collection, and expand the list of vetted drivers to allow for rotations and multiple movements.
• With 82 per cent of Gaza within an Israeli-militarized zone and/or under displacement orders, access is becoming increasingly difficult, and people are increasingly offloading the limited aid that is coming through directly from trucks. In some cases, armed actors are intercepting moving supplies. 
• If the entry of flour continues to be limited, partners will be prevented from meeting the minimum requirement of one 25-kilogramme bag of flour per household. Israeli authorities also continue to prohibit partners from conducting food parcel distributions. These conditions are heightening the risk of worsening food insecurity, eroding community trust, and increasing security threats. Furthermore, the lack of sustained, large-scale deliveries are destabilizing wheat flour availability, pricing, and affordability.  Flour prices remain elevated to unprecedented levels. In areas affected by looting, market prices temporarily dropped slightly before rebounding to previously high levels within hours. 
• According to the full IPC analysis released on 6 June, with the announced expansion of military operations throughout the Gaza Strip, the persistent inability of humanitarian organizations to access populations in dire need of assistance, and the continued mass displacement of people, the risk of Famine in the Gaza Strip is not just possible - it is increasingly likely. A recent market monitoring and food security analysis by the World Food Programme (WFP) shows that there was an alarming and unprecedented decline in access to diverse and nutritious food in May, further pushing the population into severe food insecurity. This followed already severe restrictions in April and surpassed the extremely low levels recorded in December 2024 and January 2025. 
• Food production and food systems in Gaza have been severely weakened by the lack of safe access of farmers, breeders, and fishers to their lands, livestock and the sea. Since 18 March 2025, access to cropland available for cultivation has significantly declined. As food supplies continue to dwindle and as fresh produce remains scarce and unaffordable, some wholesalers, fishers and farmers are forced to take grave risks to reach areas near or within the Israeli-militarized zones or the sea. In April and May, several incidents were reported in which fishing boats were hit or came under Israeli fire near the shore, resulting in casualties among fishers. Since October 2023, the Israeli authorities have banned sailing off Gaza's shore and over 70 per cent of fishing assets have been destroyed or damaged, but some fishers have continued to work within less than one nautical mile from the shore using non-motorized boats.

Response

• In May, Nutrition Cluster partners distributed nutrition supplements – such as small and medium-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS-SQ and LNS-MQ) and High Energy Biscuits (HEB) – to nearly 200,000 people, including 167,000 children under five and 28,000 pregnant and breastfeeding women (PBW) through the blanket supplementary feeding programme (BSFP) and outpatient site visits. Additionally, 17,605 children from six to 24 months were reached with ready-to-use complementary food/baby jar food. During the reporting period, the number of BSFP sites fluctuated between 125 to 145 locations across the Gaza Strip due to the suspension and/or relocation of services following the issuance of displacement orders. 
• In May, 5,149 out of 97,744 children under five screened by partners were diagnosed with acute malnutrition. In the second half of May, 5.9 per cent of screened children (2,755 out of 46,738) were diagnosed with acute malnutrition and enrolled in treatment programmes, up from 4.7 per cent in the first half of May (2,394 out of 51,006), 4 per cent in April (3,290 out of 83,262), and nearly triple the proportion of children diagnosed with acute malnutrition in February (2.3 per cent or 2,068 out of 88,062). This trend indicates a significant and worsening deterioration in the nutritional status of children.
• In May, 30,423 pregnant and breastfeeding women (PBW) were screened for malnutrition, of whom 790 enrolled in the management of acute malnutrition programme. This represents an increase of more than 47 per cent compared with April, when 535 women were newly enrolled. Since the beginning of the year, less than 3,300 PBW have been enrolled. The programme requires significant scale-up to reach the roughly 17,000 PBW estimated to require treatment in Gaza. Analysis of screening data reveals a sharp deterioration of the nutrition status of PBW during May. In Deir al Balah, acute malnutrition was detected in 18 per cent of screened PBW, up from 10 per cent in February and 9 per cent in March. In Gaza city, 17 per cent of PBW were diagnosed, compared with 9 per cent in February and 10 per cent in March. In North Gaza, 12 per cent were diagnosed with acute malnutrition, a significant rise from just 2 per cent in each of February and March. There is not enough screening data from Khan Younis and Rafah in this regard. 
• Partners continued to provide individual counselling to address infant and young child feeding challenges. In May, a total of 3,676 women received one-to-one counselling on young child feeding practices, including 488 who received lactation support, either in person or through individual online sessions.

Challenges

• Shrinking humanitarian space and access constraints continue to impede malnutrition detection and treatment efforts, while the nutrition situation continues to deteriorate. 
• Although limited supplies are entering, ongoing restrictions on the entry of aid and other essentials continue to severely limit the availability of supplies required to implement nutrition programmes. 
• Severe food shortages have contributed to frequent looting of nutritional supplies, including LNS-MQ supplements and ready-to-use infant formula that have entered the Strip during the reporting period, further undermining partners’ ability to reach children and PBW in urgent need. According to a recent UNICEF market survey conducted in the second week of May, 49 per cent of vendors expressed concern about the risk of robberies to them or their clients, while 23 per cent feared potential looting. 
• The recent UNICEF market survey also showed that most food items essential for children's dietary diversity are either non-existent on the market or prohibitively expensive. Many essential goods have been completely out of stock for two months, including meats and dairy products. The continued unavailability or skyrocketing prices of essential food items are having a severe impact on nutrition, particularly vulnerable groups such as young children and PBW. The lack of dietary diversity compromises nutritional intake, increasing the risk of acute malnutrition and related health complications. 
• Partners are reporting a growing number of children with acute malnutrition with complications due to underlying medical conditions such as cleft palate or disabilities, which cannot be treated in the current environment.

Response

• Between 25 May and 7 June, the Palestinian Water Authority (PWA) and Coastal Municipalities Water Utility (CMWU) reported an average daily water production from public utilities of about 78,000 cubic metres, representing a near 15 per cent drop from the previous reporting period (9 to 22 May). This reflects a continued decline in water supply, a trend observed since the collapse of the ceasefire. The reduction in water production can mainly be attributed to critical shortages in fuel supply, the consequent need to ration existing supplies across accessible groundwater wells, and repeated damage, repairs or maintenance of the Mekorot supply lines. Of the total amount, 20,000 cubic metres was of drinking quality, sourced from seawater and brackish water desalination plants and Mekorot lines. The remaining 58,000 cubic metres came from groundwater wells and was classified as domestic water given its high salinity levels. However, updated estimations indicate that 50 to 80 per cent of the water produced is lost due to leakages caused by damaged distribution networks. The WASH Cluster continues to advocate for the immediate entry of sufficient quantities of fuel, repair materials, and water treatment supplies to enable lifesaving WASH activities and for access to be granted to conduct necessary repairs.
• During the reporting period, on average, 19,000 cubic metres of drinking water and 8,400 cubic metres of domestic water have been distributed daily by 33 WASH partners through water trucking across the Gaza Strip. This represents a 20 per cent and 38 per cent reduction respectively since the previous reporting period.
• Solid Waste collection continues in accessible locations of Gaza city, Khan Younis and Deir al Balah, despite significant challenges in transferring waste to temporary dumping sites.
• On 28 May, marking Menstrual Hygiene Day, WASH partners - together with the Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility (GBV AoR) and the Health Cluster - launched a Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) campaign. The initiative featured the distribution of MHM and dignity kits, along with interactive engagement sessions (see the health section).
• Following 80 days of a full aid blockade, a three-week supply of chlorine entered the Gaza Strip. The chlorine was utilized by public utilities to disinfect water that is produced and distributed. This marks a critical step towards improving water safety and public health.
• In response to growing public health risks, water quality monitoring has been significantly scaled up across the Gaza Strip. A total of seven field laboratories, operated and supported by seven WASH partners, are now actively conducting water quality testing to ensure safe water access and mitigate the risk of waterborne diseases. This is compared with four laboratories that were operational in previous months. 
• WASH partners, supported by more than 1,500 hygiene mobilizers, continued to deliver hygiene promotion activities. During the reporting period, approximately 200 hygiene awareness sessions were conducted, alongside an estimated 80 cleaning awareness campaigns across various locations.
• In southern Gaza, 30 pest and rodent control campaigns were implemented, benefiting over 32,000 people. 

Challenges

• Severe fuel shortages are crippling water production and disrupting critical WASH operations, forcing partners to drastically ration limited supplies. Without urgent fuel deliveries, hundreds of groundwater wells may shut down, desalination systems could be permanently damaged, and water trucking may soon cease, threatening public health and increasing the risk of disease outbreaks and social unrest.
• Recurrent interruptions in water supply from the Mekorot supply lines, the Gaza Strip’s primary external water source, continue to undermine access to safe drinking water for hundreds of thousands of residents. These disruptions exacerbate water scarcity, especially in displacement sites where alternative water sources are limited or non-existent.
• The need for new sanitation facilities is urgent, as existing ones are either insufficient or damaged and construction is stalled due to the lack of materials. Over 10,000 sanitation units are currently awaiting entry into the Gaza Strip, leaving thousands of people without access to safe and dignified sanitation.
• Shortages in hygiene kits, including menstrual hygiene supplies, and water containers are undermining efforts to promote basic hygiene practices among displaced people. Without these critical items, vulnerable groups - especially women and children - face heightened risks of infection, poor menstrual hygiene, and a loss of dignity in already dire conditions. Of note, there are significant gaps in reaching over 700,000 women and girls who require access to essential menstrual hygiene supplies across Gaza. 
• Stocks of pesticide supplies (including insecticides) are almost completely depleted, severely limiting pest and rodent control efforts. The absence of vector control measures is increasing the risk of disease outbreaks, particularly in overcrowded shelters, where waste accumulation is already a major concern.
• Due to displacement orders and insecurity, key dumping sites like Al-Berka 2, in Deir al Balah, are now inaccessible, forcing solid waste to be redirected to already overwhelmed sites such as Al-Zawayda, in Deir al Balah, which has reached full capacity. At present, several dumping sites have reached full capacity. With limited alternatives and unsafe conditions at remaining sites like Al-Amal and Feras Market, urgent action is needed to secure access, rehabilitate facilities, and protect waste management personnel.

Response

• Between 25 and 31 May over 370,000 medical treatments, consultations and interventions were conducted by 69 Health Cluster partners, providing primary and secondary health services across Gaza. 
• As of 10 June, there were 21 Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) in the Gaza Strip: six in Gaza governorate, six in Deir al Balah, eight in Khan Younis and one in Rafah. These include two national EMTs (312 local staff) and 19 international EMTs (55 international staff).
• During the reporting period, UNFPA distributed to six hospitals and four primary health care centres (PHCs) infection, prevention and control (IPC) materials, medical consumables, and sexual and reproductive health (SRH) supplies aimed to support approximately 1,545 people in Gaza city, Deir al Balah, and Khan Younis.
• The Health Cluster’s Sexual and Reproductive Health Working Group (SRH WG), together with GBV AoR, UNFPA and WASH Cluster, published an advocacy brief on the menstrual hygiene crisis in Gaza.
• During the reporting period, WHO conducted a three-day capacity-building workshop on integrated management of child health (IMCH) for 15 health providers. In addition, WHO facilitated training on antenatal and postnatal care guidelines for 21 health providers.

Challenges

• Critical fuel shortages are severely disrupting health services. The Health Cluster warns that nearly 80 per cent (67 out of 85) of health facilities providing lifesaving services, including 17 hospitals, seven field hospitals, and 43 PHCs may soon run out of fuel. This is expected to result in immediate loss of life, particularly among infants in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs), patients in critical care units (CCUs), and other electricity-dependent wards. Hemodialysis services are also expected to cease. Ambulance services and patient referrals are expected to come to a halt, effectively eliminating the critical "golden hour" for trauma care - the crucial first hour after traumatic injury when medical treatment is most likely able to save a person's life - leading to increased mortality rates. Additionally, vaccination services will be disrupted due to cold chain failures. 
• Al-Amal Hospital in Khan Younis is now essentially out of service due to intensified hostilities in its vicinity. Access to the hospital is obstructed, preventing new patients from receiving care, and leading to more preventable deaths. Two emergency medical teams - one national and one international – remain on site, striving to care for the remaining patients with the limited medical supplies remaining on the premises. With the closure of Al-Amal, Nasser Medical Complex is now the only remaining hospital with an intensive care unit in Khan Younis.
• Attacks on health care continue to take place, with 42 incidents reported during May 2025, further disrupting the already fragile health care system, overburdening hospitals that remain partially operational.
• Furthermore, movement restrictions, insecurity and displacement orders are worsening access to health care and hampering the ability of health workers to reach health facilities and provide lifesaving services. Three hospitals, five primary health care centres (PHCs), and 18 medical points are located within 1,000 metres of areas placed under displacement orders on 9 and 10 June 2025. 
• As of 11 June, only 37 per cent (213 out of 572) of health facilities remain functional (all partially except one field hospital that is fully functional). These include 17 out of 36 hospitals, seven out of 15 field hospitals, 63 out of 162 PHCs, and 126 out of 359 medical points/mobile clinics. 
• The current trauma care pathway continues to face innumerable challenges:
  • There are no hospitals functional, even partially, in North Gaza. 
  • The 100 per cent bed occupancy rate (BOR) is being exceeded across all partially functional health facilities and is most critical at Nasser Medical Complex with a 150 per cent BOR, resulting in hospital corridors overflowing with admitted patients in need of emergency care.
  • Emergency Departments (ED), ICUs and Operating Rooms (OR) in the few remaining, partially operational hospitals are functioning with severely deteriorated equipment and surgical sets, alongside a lack of critical equipment, such as portable x-ray machines and anesthesia machines.
  • The main oncology hospital is no longer functional, and oncology drugs have run out, leaving cancer patients in southern Gaza without access to treatment.
  • As of 11 June, only five hemodialysis centres remain functional, compared to nine prior to October 2023. These centers collectively operate 114 dialysis machines, currently serving 684 patients. A critical concern is the Nasser Medical Complex; if this health facility becomes non-operational, then there is no alternative hospital in southern Gaza capable of absorbing its dialysis caseload. This would result in a major disruption to life-sustaining care for a significant number of patients.
  • Acute shortages of consumables, including external and internal fixators, are hampering the ability of medical teams to carry out orthopedics and vascular surgeries. In total, 87 per cent of orthopedic supplies are out of stock.
  • Stocks of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and ethylene are completely depleted, further constraining the capacity to carry out operations, while other vital medicines (such as anesthesia, non-communicable disease medications and IV fluids), lab and surgical consumables are at zero stock. In total, 43 per cent of 271 essential medicines are out of stock. Blood supplies, micro reagents, and blood bank materials are nearly depleted.
  • There is a critical need for parenteral nutrition (intravenous feeding) for the ICU patients and food for patients. Currently, patients admitted in surgical units lack adequate access to nutritious hot meals. 

Response

• Child Protection
  • Between 1 January and 31 May, 6,000 children received case management services – including unaccompanied and separated children (UASC), child survivors of violence (including gender-based violence), and children with conflict-related injuries and disabilities. Moreover, 39 partners provided nearly 132,000 children and 36,000 caregivers with mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) services. As of 31 May, community-based awareness-raising activities on Explosive Ordnance Risk Education (EORE), prevention of family separation, and child protection messaging reached about 560,000 people, of whom 24 per cent were children and 64 per cent were caregivers. 
  • Between 1 January and 31 May, nearly 1 million people — including 55 per cent children and 45 per cent caregivers — were reached with child protection services, including case management, cash assistance, MHPSS, family tracing and reunification, legal aid, safe shelter and childcare services, family- and community-based alternative care, and referrals to critical medical and nutritional services.
  • Positive parenting in crisis curriculum was also piloted in May 2025, through sessions organized by 10 partners to support caregivers of UASC, benefiting 500 caregivers in Gaza city and North Gaza governorates during the reporting period. During the reporting period, 46 case workers received training to strengthen the capacity of CP frontline staff. On 2 and 4 June, CP AoR organized training sessions for Site Management and WASH actors to promote safe identification and referrals to CP services. In collaboration with health actors, UNICEF facilitated a training session for the Trauma Working Group to ensure that injured children and UASC are promptly referred and receive urgent protection and case management support, particularly in the aftermath of mass casualty incidents. Furthermore, the CP AoR and the Education Cluster have developed a joint strategy to expand community-based child protection and education interventions in Gaza.
• Mine Action – During the reporting period, MA actors delivered two EORE CP package sessions to 116 humanitarian workers (49 women and 67 men). Between 17 and 31 May, MA partners conducted 2,375 EORE sessions for host community members and internally displaced persons (IDPs), reaching a 32,489 people. No new explosive ordnance (EO) incidents were recorded during this period. However, 87 backdated EO-related incidents have been documented since October 2023, which resulted in 33 fatalities and 190 injuries (48 of whom were children). To promote safety and mitigate risks, MA teams conducted four Explosive Hazard Assessments (EHAs) and supported four inter-agency missions, providing technical expertise and contributing to safety during humanitarian missions.
• Gender-Based Violence (GBV) - During the reporting period, dedicated teams from 34 GBV partners, including four hospitals, continued to deliver lifesaving GBV services, throughout the Gaza Strip. Efforts focused on providing survivor-centered GBV case management, cash assistance, individual and group psychosocial support (PSS), and referrals. These services were provided in-person at Women and Girls' Safe Spaces (WGSS) or IDP shelters, and remotely via helplines. Due to recent displacement waves, partners have largely shifted their service delivery to coastal areas, where some GBV partners have recruited additional social workers to meet the increased service demand. To ensure continued, effective support for survivors amid a rapidly shifting operating environment, the GBV referral map for complex cases and the real-time interactive map of WGSS has been updated. Additionally, training sessions continued, reaching 41 case workers.
• Housing, Land and Property Technical Working Group (HLP TWG) finalized and published a one-page fact sheet outlining the types of land ownership in Gaza, aimed to raise awareness and inform programming. Efforts are underway to verify and update the service map of legal aid and HLP service providers active inside Gaza to support improved coordination and referral pathways.
• Legal Task Force (LTF) - During the reporting period, the LTF and its partners continued to provide legal assistance, civil documentation, and legal awareness across Gaza, with a focus on ensuring access for vulnerable groups. During the past 25 days, one partner provided 85 legal awareness sessions in shelters across the Gaza Strip and assisted 60 women in obtaining property documents (legal deeds) through Sharia Court. In collaboration with local justice actors, legal partners have rolled out legal assistance for displaced women in their shelters, enabling lawyers to identify cases, prepare and submit documentation, and coordinate with judges for on-site visits and allowing legal deeds to be processed without requiring women to travel and expose themselves to risk. Meanwhile, some partners petitioned the Israeli High Court demanding the immediate opening of crossings, submitting factual evidence of violations; a decision is pending.
• Between 17 and 29 May, UNRWA's protection teams: 
  • Carried out 31 protection monitoring visits, 30 key informant interviews and 21 focus group discussions in Khan Younis (including Al Mawasi), Deir al Balah and Gaza city. 
  • Facilitated referrals to specialized services and distributed in-kind assistance to 306 people, including dignity kits and limited supplies of children's diapers in Deir al Balah, Khan Younis and Rafah.
  • Conducted 85 awareness-raising sessions on CP, EORE, MHPSS and prevention of sexual exploitation and abuse (PSEA), reaching 765 women, 611 girls, 72 men and 432 boys.
  • On 26 May and 4 June, a total of 22 Palestinian detainees were released to Gaza from Israeli detention centres, UNRWA's protection team is following up on their long-term needs and will provide support when available.

Challenges

• Ongoing bombardment, displacement orders, and restrictions on the entry of aid and other supplies continue to constrain the ability of partners to deliver critical services. Several partners have been forced to relocate or suspend activities, with the impact being particularly acute in Khan Younis and northern Gaza. During the reporting period, 15 protection centers and safe spaces have suspended activities, affecting 4,000 people. Two WGSS were temporarily closed due to displacement orders in Khan Younis, affecting about 2,000 women. UNRWA's protection activities have also been severely disrupted, with all its protection staff in northern Gaza displaced to Gaza city. GBV services are under immense strain, grappling with staff burnout, surging caseloads, lack of referral options, and critical shortages of protection supplies, including dignity kits.
• Children in Gaza face escalating protection risks and families are increasingly resorting to unsafe survival strategies, including child labour, begging, and the use of children to support informal transport activities, such as riding donkey carts or carrying heavy goods. Partners have also reported a sharp rise in forced child marriage and family separation. The destruction of 20 child-friendly spaces and care facilities has drastically reduced the availability of safe environments for children. Recent child injuries at recently established distribution points underscore emerging and alarming risks for children. Concurrently, health risks are mounting, with rising numbers of respiratory illnesses among children linked to poor shelter conditions, dust, and potential asbestos exposure. A recent comprehensive mapping of MHPSS services revealed critical gaps in support for children with disabilities and children under five. 
• Protection monitoring during the reporting period reveal key risks including heightened insecurity, displacement, acute food shortages, exorbitant prices, inadequate shelter, severe medication shortages, limited access to essential non-food items – all contributing to serious physical and mental health consequences. Specific protection concerns were reported for women and girls, including increased risks of GBV, harassment, and intimate partner violence. Older persons and persons with disabilities were particularly at risk due to mobility challenges.

Response

• During the reporting period, 224 Temporary Learning Spaces (TLS) were operational, serving 78,920 learners supported by 2,801 teachers, although the number of functional TLS and learner enrollment continues to fluctuate due to the volatile security situation. This is compared with 570 TLS that were operational during the ceasefire in February, serving 249,000 learners. 
• Education Cluster partners continue to implement innovative solutions to address the growing need for education supplies in Gaza. For example, during the reporting period, one Education Cluster partner, in collaboration with implementing partners, distributed 75 furniture sets to TLS. Each set - repurposed from donated wooden pallets - includes one table and four chairs, contributing to dignified and comfortable learning environments. While the number of learners benefiting from this initiative remains limited and significant gaps persist, the aim is to eventually have these temporary measures be replaced by more sustainable solutions once the entry of essential education supplies into Gaza is permitted, ultimately improving safe and dignified learning conditions for all children.
• Education partners are actively pursuing alternative modalities to keep children engaged in learning; for example, UNRWA's distance learning programme remains active, with 294,675 children currently enrolled (152,973 boys and 141,702 girls), including 19,515 children with disabilities. These students are receiving basic education in core subjects such as Arabic, English, mathematics, and science, delivered by 6,762 teachers through remote methods. Additionally, approximately 89,000 students are currently accessing the Ministry of Education’s e-school platform. Prior to the collapse of the ceasefire, enrollment on the platform had reached 270,000 students. 

Challenges

• Between 25 May and 7 June, at least 109 TLSs and 117 public schools were placed under displacement orders, forcing partners to temporarily suspend operations. These included: 21 TLS in North Gaza; 16 TLS and 30 public schools in Gaza city; 15 TLS and four public schools in Deir al Balah; 54 TLS and 56 public schools in Khan Younis; and three TLS and 27 public schools in Rafah governorate. After closure of all 186 public schools on 18 March due to insecurity, 16 re-opened at the end of May but 14 closed again; at present, only two public schools remain open across the Gaza Strip, one in Khan Younis and one in Deir al Balah supporting 2,920 learners. The closure of TLS and public schools has disrupted learning, eliminated all in-person learning opportunities for children, and halted children's access to critical services, including MHPSS, social and emotional learning and structured recreational activities to help mitigate the effects of repeated trauma endured by children. In total, since 18 March, a total of 109 TLS and 184 PA schools had closed, either due to displacement orders or deteriorating security conditions, affecting about 130,000 learners and 4,492 teachers. 
• Limited funding and limited prospects for mobilizing funds to support teacher incentives continue to constrain the education response. Between 1 and 31 May, 139 TLS closed due to the lack of funding. Education partners also report that there are limited prospects for mobilizing funds to support the provision of financial incentives for teachers, who are currently operating on a voluntary basis. The presence of motivated teachers is essential not only for ensuring meaningful teaching and learning but also for maintaining a safe and protective environment for children.
• Ongoing fuel shortages continue to severely disrupt education in emergency (EiE) response. Partners are unable to transport mobile infrastructure, such as tents, from areas under displacement orders. Staff mobility for monitoring and supervising TLS activities is also significantly constrained. Activities requiring powered equipment, such as group sessions for children using loudspeakers, have been suspended due to the lack of electricity. Access to clean water in TLS is also compromised as fuel shortages prevent water trucking and the operation of pumps for existing wells. Even basic tasks like printing educational materials are stalled due to the inability to run generators. 
• During the reporting period, attacks on schools resulted in the loss of life and further deepened the fear and trauma experienced by children, parents, and educators. This has significantly diminished the willingness of communities to engage in EiE activities within school settings. As a result, the Education Cluster continues to face serious challenges in scaling up the response. This is further hampered by ongoing restrictions on the entry of humanitarian aid, including essential education supplies needed to establish alternative learning spaces.
• As of 10 June, according to the Ministry of Education (MoE), at least 15,189 students and 681 education personnel have been killed, while 22,851 students and 2,915 education staff have been injured, many with lifelong physical or psychological impacts. These figures underscore the devastating toll the crisis continues to exact on the education system, including students and staff, undermining all efforts to maintain and restore safe learning environments for children.

Response

• Between 25 May and 7 June, several Shelter partners pooled available items to jointly distribute emergency shelter kits (ESKs) to approximately 115 families in Gaza city. One partner also distributed a limited number of tents still available in their stocks to families at two displacement sites in Khan Younis and Deir al Balah governorates and helped to establish a new displacement site for 100 families in Al Mawasi. In addition, several partners distributed vouchers to help about 2,100 families in Gaza city in purchasing clothing available in local shops.
• Shelter partners distributed 45 wood-burning mud stoves and firewood to four collective displacement shelters in Gaza city. The intervention aims to support cooking and baking needs of approximately 1,000 displaced families while reducing the hazards and risks associated with unsafe and improvised cooking methods (e.g. burning solid waste). 

Challenges

• Most of the shelter items distributed in Gaza, such as tents, have a short lifespan of only three to six months, creating a repetitive cycle of demand for shelter assistance. This is further compounded by repeated waves of forced displacement, often resulting in the loss or abandonment of essential shelter items. As a result, and despite previous aid distributions, unmet shelter needs remain widespread across the Gaza Strip. An estimated 1.1 million people require emergency shelter items, while around 1.1 million people are estimated to require household items, according to the most recent assessment by the Shelter Cluster conducted in June.
• The inability to bring in shelter items through crossings since 2 March and prohibitively expensive shelter items that remain available in limited quantities on the market are further constraining response efforts.
• Ongoing airstrikes targeting displacement sites, repeated displacement orders, and social tensions and unrest have significantly hampered operations. Moreover, many staff members have themselves been displaced, further undermining partners’ response capacities.
• The immense needs far outweigh available resources, complicating prioritization efforts during aid distributions and contributing to tensions within communities.
• Access to people in need in some areas has become increasingly challenging due to the lack of safety and security. Many people have been forced to flee without belongings and have sought shelter in every possible space, including in already overcrowded displacement camps, damaged buildings, streets and open areas, leaving their shelter needs largely unmet.

Response

• The Logistics Cluster continues to coordinate with partners to draft the daily truck manifest for submission and approval by the Israeli authorities. 
• The Cluster continues to facilitate cargo transport from Jordan to Kerem Shalom/Karem Abu Salem, as well as cargo collection from the crossing inside Gaza on behalf of partners amidst a very high risk of looting. In Jordan, the Cluster consolidation warehouse remains at full capacity, with 7,867 cubic metres of aid in storage. 
• Following the Israeli authorities’ approval of storage, Cluster common storage services have been available at two warehouses that remain accessible, one in Deir al Balah and one in Gaza governorate. 

Challenges

• The volume of aid transported through the Jordan corridor since 27 May, is especially limited because: only very few organisations are authorised by Israeli authorities to seek approvals; approvals are restricted to specific medical, nutrition, WASH and food items; many organisations face challenges in customs clearances. The entry of cargo through the Egypt and West Bank routes continues to be denied by Israeli authorities.
• Inside Gaza, ongoing military operations, insecurity, and the high risk of looting are severely hampering operations to collect aid, frequently causing collections to be cancelled, re-routed, or significantly delayed. Although Israeli authorities have reauthorised the use of the “fence road”, transport capacity is severely limited by the insufficient number of vetted drivers by Israeli authorities. The “fence road” represents the only route currently available for aid destined to northern Gaza.
• Between 5 and 9 June, Israeli authorities did not authorize cargo manifest and offloads at Kerem Shalom, due to Jewish holidays and citing the congestion of platforms. Approval for manifesting and offloading trucks is contingent upon collections taking place.
• On 28 May, a looting incident at the WFP warehouse in Deir al Balah resulted in the loss of Logistics Cluster assets, including generators, mobile storage units, and prefabricated units.
• On 2 June, Israeli authorities reported a fire incident on the Israeli side of Kerem Shalom platform that possibly damaged approximately 400 pallets. No details have been made available about the cause or organisations affected.
• Following a violent looting incident on 4 June, the Special Transport Association announced the suspension of truck operations until further notice, due to concerns to the safety of drivers. On 9 June, collections recommenced, following direct negotiations between organizations and their own contracted transporters.

Response

• The ETC continues to coordinate with telecommunications and internet service providers to assess fuel needs against the limited available resources. The cluster is also engaging with relevant UN agencies to prioritize fuel allocations and advocate for the entry and retrieval of fuel reserves from inaccessible areas such as Khan Yunis and Rafah. These efforts are critical to prevent a complete communications blackout and sustain lifesaving connectivity for humanitarians and vulnerable populations.
• For more information on ETC activities, please visit:Palestine: Conflict | Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (ETC) (etcluster.org).

Challenges

• As of 9 June, telecommunications and internet service providers have reported critically low fuel reserves, with accessible supplies expected to be exhausted soon. Without the immediate delivery of fuel and engine oil to operate generators that power key infrastructure, telecommunications services are expected to shut down imminently. This could lead to a complete collapse of telecommunications and internet services, considerably impairing humanitarian coordination, operational continuity, staff safety and the ability of affected people to access lifesaving information and services.
• Telecommunications and internet services remain limited across Gaza due to extensive damage to infrastructure caused by hostilities, compounded by the lack of spare parts and engine oil needed for repair and maintenance.
• Continued restrictions on the entry of aid and other essentials have hindered the import of critically needed ICT equipment. Combined with insufficient funding, this is severely constraining ETC's ability to deliver services needed to support humanitarian operations and access to life-saving information in Gaza.

Protection against sexual abuse and exploitation (PSEA) remains a cross-cutting priority for all clusters. Aid distribution must be delivered with dignity and respect. Any wrongdoing can be reported through SAWA toll-free number 164. SAWA will assist and provide services free of charge and with the utmost confidentiality.

To promote accountability to affected people, the online Humanitarian Service Directory provides information on aid services, helplines, and key messages, and is available via hyperlink and QR code.

* Asterisks indicate that a figure, sentence, or section has been rectified, added, or retracted after the initial publication of this update.